For investors, taxes play a critical role in determining real, after‑tax returns. Without planning, tax consequences can quietly erode investment performance.

Important considerations include:

• Managing capital gains, including when to realize or defer gains
• Using losses strategically to offset taxable income when appropriate
• Understanding the tax treatment of interest and dividends
• Carefully tracking cryptocurrency activity, as trades, conversions, and  staking may trigger taxable events

Tax‑aware investing focuses on long‑term efficiency—not just short‑term performance.